England moved back to a tiered system of coronavirus restrictions with the end of lockdown on 2 December, with 99 per cent of the country placed under the two highest levels of limitations.
But when will the restrictions be reviewed and how have different tiers been decided on?
When will the system change?
The first review of the tiers is set for 16 December.
Mr Johnson has said the allocation of tiers will be reviewed every 14 days from that date and suggested mass testing could make households exempt from restrictions.
He also said that at the first review of the measures in mid-December he would move areas down a tier where there is “robust evidence” that coronavirus is in sustained decline.
However, other areas such as London risk being placed under tier 3 after data showed a rise in the capital city’s cases.
He has written to Tory MPs offering them another chance to vote on the restrictions early next year, saying the legislation will have a “sunset of 3 February”.
That vote after Christmas will determine whether the tier system stays in place until the end of March.
How many people are under tough restrictions?
More than 55 million people were placed into tier 2 and tier 3 measures on 2 December, meaning mixing between households indoors has effectively been banned for the vast majority of the country.
Only the Isle of Wight, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly – accounting for little more than 1 per cent of England’s population – are in the lightest tier 1 coronavirus restrictions.
Large swathes of the Midlands, North East and North West are in the most restrictive tier 3, which accounts for 41.5 per cent of the population, or 23.3 million people.
The majority of authorities – including London –are in tier 2, which will cover 57.3 per cent of the country, or 32 million people.
What are the key indicators that will primarily determine the restrictions in each area?
Five factors are considered:
– case detection rates in all age groups;
– case detection rates in the over-60s;
– the rate at which cases are rising or falling;
– the positivity rate – the number of positive cases detected as a percentage of tests taken;
– Pressure on the NHS, including current and projected occupancy.
Downing Street declined to give any further details on the indicators, nor any estimate of the thresholds.
But – in the face of a possible Tory revolt – Boris Johnson has now committed to publish more data and outline what circumstances need to change for an area to move down a tier, as well analysis of the health, economic and social impacts of the measures taken to suppress coronavirus.
Why are there not rigid thresholds?
The government has said it needs to maintain flexibility to weigh the indicators against each other – such as whether hospital capacity in neighbouring areas is lower.
Another example given in the coronavirus winter plan is that case detection rates would need to be weighed against whether the spread of the virus is localised to particular communities.
The plan states “given these sensitivities, it is not possible to set rigid thresholds for these indicators, as doing so would result in poorer quality decisions”.