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The homes of Winston Churchill and Rudyard Kipling are among nearly 100 National Trust properties the charity claims have links to slavery and colonialism.
The connections are highlighted in a report commissioned by the heritage and conservation charity last September, as part of efforts to tell the history of colonialism and slavery at its historic places.
It details links to plantation owners and those who were paid compensation for enslaved people freed through abolition, as well as those who gained their wealth through the slave trade.
Properties with connections to people involved in colonial expansion, including leading figures in the East India Company, or senior figures in administering colonies, including Winston Churchill’s home Chartwell, are listed in the survey.
And those with important cultural links to Britain’s colonial history, such as writer Rudyard Kipling’s home in Sussex, Bateman’s, or the home of historian Thomas Carlyle in London are also highlighted.
The report from the Trust shows how estates and stately homes such as Clandon Park, Surrey, and Hare Hall in Cheshire, were linked to wealth from plantations or the slave trade.
Some 93 of the properties the National Trust looks after have links to historic slavery and colonialism, the charity said.
Some 29 properties cared for by the National Trust have links to successful compensation claims as a result of the abolition of slavery, such as Glastonbury Tor in Somerset, and Blickling Hall, Norfolk, the report showed.
Quarry Bank Mill, in Cheshire, was built using family wealth related to slavery, while Bath Assembly Rooms was connected to the wider colonial and slavery economies of the 18th century, it highlights.
Powis Castle in Wales, with its links to Clive of India, and Cragside, Northumberland, which was home to Sir William Armstrong who supplied guns to British military forces, are among those with imperial links.
The survey also documents those National Trust properties belonging to people who were involved in the abolition movement or the fight against colonial oppression.
And it highlights the presence of African, Asian and Chinese people working on English and Welsh estates.
The report draws on the Trust’s own archives and external evidence such as the Legacies of British Slave-ownership project run by University College London.
Dr Tarnya Cooper, the National Trust’s curatorial and collections director said: “The buildings in the care of the National Trust reflect many different periods and a range of British and global histories – social, industrial, political and cultural.
“A significant number of those in our care have links to the colonisation of different parts of the world, and some to historic slavery.
“Colonialism and slavery were central to the national economy from the 17th to the 19th centuries.”
And she said it was the National Trust’s job, as a heritage charity, to research, interpret and openly share full and up-to-date information about its properties.
“This report is the fullest account to date of the links between places now in the care of the National Trust and colonialism and historic slavery,” she said, though she added it was not exhaustive and would be added to as more research was done.
The research has been used to update online information and will be used to help the Trust review visitor information and displays at properties.